FundiHow - Mabadiliko ya karibuni [sw]

FundiHow:Smoke-test

FundiHowAdmin — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 20:08:28 GMT

Automated-smoke-test

← Pitio lililotangulia		Pitio la 23:08, 18 Septemba 2026
(Sahihisho moja la kati na mtumizi yuleyule ambaye hajaonyeshwa)
Mstari 1:		Mstari 1:
	smoke-~~1789751572~~		smoke-1789762107

MediaWiki:Common.css

FundiHowAdmin — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 19:51:35 GMT

Make pages readable on phones

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	border-radius: .75rem;		border-radius: .75rem;
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Through-breeze window placement

son34 — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 18:04:47 GMT

← Pitio lililotangulia		Pitio la 21:04, 18 Septemba 2026
Mstari 3:		Mstari 3:
	== Why a single opening is not enough ==		== Why a single opening is not enough ==

	When wind hits a house, it pushes on one side and pulls on the other. An opening on the wind side lets air in. An opening on the far side lets that air out, and takes heat with it.		When wind hits a house, it pushes on one side and pulls on the other. An opening on the wind side lets air in. An opening on the far side lets that air out, and takes heat with it. If there is only one opening, air has to enter and leave through the same hole.

	If there is only one opening, air has to enter and leave through the same hole~~. The room does not flush. Two openings on the same wall mostly stir a corner~~.

	== The layout ==		== The layout ==

Mtumiaji:son34

son34 — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 18:02:59 GMT

Akaunti ya mtumiaji son34 iliundwa

FundiHow:Smoke-test

FundiHowAdmin — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 17:12:52 GMT

Automated-smoke-test

← Pitio lililotangulia		Pitio la 20:12, 18 Septemba 2026
Mstari 1:		Mstari 1:
	smoke-~~1789749977~~		smoke-1789751572

Through-breeze window placement

FundiHowAdmin — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 17:12:45 GMT

FundiHow initial content

← Pitio lililotangulia		Pitio la 20:12, 18 Septemba 2026
Mstari 58:		Mstari 58:

	[[Category:DIY projects]]		[[Category:DIY projects]]
	[[sw~~:Miradi~~:Mpangilio wa madirisha ya upepo kupita]]		[[sw:Mpangilio wa madirisha ya upepo kupita]]

Mpangilio wa madirisha ya upepo kupita

FundiHowAdmin — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 17:12:44 GMT

FundiHow initial content

← Pitio lililotangulia		Pitio la 20:12, 18 Septemba 2026
Mstari 58:		Mstari 58:

	[[Category:Miradi ya DIY]]		[[Category:Miradi ya DIY]]
	[[en~~:Projects~~:Through-breeze window placement]]		[[en:Through-breeze window placement]]

Pine-branch water filter

FundiHowAdmin — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 17:12:44 GMT

FundiHow initial content

← Pitio lililotangulia		Pitio la 20:12, 18 Septemba 2026
Mstari 75:		Mstari 75:
	* '''You used eucalyptus.''' Do not drink that water. Start again with pine.		* '''You used eucalyptus.''' Do not drink that water. Start again with pine.

	[[sw~~:Miradi~~:Kichujio cha tawi la msonobari]]		[[sw:Kichujio cha tawi la msonobari]]

Kichujio cha tawi la msonobari

FundiHowAdmin — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 17:12:44 GMT

FundiHow initial content

← Pitio lililotangulia		Pitio la 20:12, 18 Septemba 2026
Mstari 75:		Mstari 75:
	* '''Ulitumia mkaratusi.''' Usinywe maji hayo. Anza tena na msonobari.		* '''Ulitumia mkaratusi.''' Usinywe maji hayo. Anza tena na msonobari.

	[[en~~:Projects~~:Pine-branch water filter]]		[[en:Pine-branch water filter]]

Box solar cooker

FundiHowAdmin — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 17:12:43 GMT

FundiHow initial content

← Pitio lililotangulia		Pitio la 20:12, 18 Septemba 2026
Mstari 31:		Mstari 31:
	}}		}}

	[[sw~~:Miradi~~:Jiko la sola la boksi]]		[[sw:Jiko la sola la boksi]]

Jiko la sola la boksi

FundiHowAdmin — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 17:12:43 GMT

FundiHow initial content

← Pitio lililotangulia		Pitio la 20:12, 18 Septemba 2026
Mstari 31:		Mstari 31:
	}}		}}

	[[en~~:Projects~~:Box solar cooker]]		[[en:Box solar cooker]]

Home

FundiHowAdmin — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 17:12:40 GMT

FundiHow initial content

← Pitio lililotangulia		Pitio la 20:12, 18 Septemba 2026
Mstari 19:		Mstari 19:

	== Projects ==		== Projects ==
	* [[~~Projects:Pine-branch water filter\|~~Pine-branch water filter]]		* [[Pine-branch water filter]]
	* [[~~Projects:Through-breeze window placement\|~~Through-breeze window placement]]		* [[Through-breeze window placement]]
	* [[~~Projects:Box solar cooker\|~~Box solar cooker]]		* [[Box solar cooker]]

	== For contributors ==		== For contributors ==

Mwanzo

FundiHowAdmin — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 17:12:39 GMT

FundiHow initial content

← Pitio lililotangulia		Pitio la 20:12, 18 Septemba 2026
Mstari 20:		Mstari 20:

	== Miradi ==		== Miradi ==
	* [[~~Miradi:Kichujio cha tawi la msonobari\|~~Kichujio cha tawi la msonobari]]		* [[Kichujio cha tawi la msonobari]]
	* [[~~Miradi:Mpangilio wa madirisha ya upepo kupita\|~~Mpangilio wa madirisha ya upepo kupita]]		* [[Mpangilio wa madirisha ya upepo kupita]]
	* [[~~Miradi:Jiko la sola la boksi\|~~Jiko la sola la boksi]]		* [[Jiko la sola la boksi]]

	== Kwa wachangiaji ==		== Kwa wachangiaji ==

Miradi:Mpangilio wa madirisha ya upepo kupita

FundiHowAdmin — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 17:12:38 GMT

FundiHowAdmin alihamisha ukurasa wa Miradi:Mpangilio wa madirisha ya upepo kupita hadi Mpangilio wa madirisha ya upepo kupita Drop Projects/Miradi title prefixes

Ukurasa mpya

Chumba hupoa kwa upepo tu hewa inapoingia ukutani mmoja na kutoka ukutani unaokabiliana, katika chumba hicho hicho. Madirisha mawili ukutani mmoja, au mlango mmoja wazi, hayafanyi hivyo.

== Kwa nini tundu moja haitoshi ==

Upepo unapopiga nyumba, husukuma upande mmoja na kuvuta upande mwingine. Tundu upande wa upepo linaingiza hewa. Tundu upande wa pili linatoa hewa hiyo, na kuchukua joto.

Kama kuna tundu moja tu, hewa inalazimika kuingia na kutoka tundu lile lile. Chumba hakioshwi. Matundu mawili ukutani mmoja huchochea kona tu.

== Mpangilio ==

Weka matundu mawili hivi:

* Katika chumba watu wanakaa au kulala. Tundu sebuleni na jingine chumbani kilichofungwa hapopoeshi chumba chochote.
* Kwenye kuta zinazokabiliana — si kuta jirani, wala si yote ukutani mmoja.
* Yanaweze kuonana. Kizuizi, kabati, au pazia kwenye mstari huzuia hewa.
* Ukuta upepo unapopiga ndio njia ya kuingia. Ukuta unaokabiliana ndio njia ya kutoka. Hisi hii wakati wa joto la mchana; usikadirie kwa dira.
* Mlango unahesabiwa tundu moja ikiwa unaweza kubaki wazi. Kope wazi huvuja hewa, lakini si tundu la ukuta wa mbali.

== Ukubwa na kimo ==

Tundu dogo kati ya hayo mawili ndilo linalopima kiasi cha hewa. Viweke vikaribiane ukubwa. Mlango unaotazama mwanya bado ni kama tundu moja.

Matundu hayahitaji kuwa makubwa. Mawili utakayoacha wazi yanashinda dirisha kubwa unalofunga.

Ili kupoza watu, viweke kimo cha kukaa na kusimama, kuta zinazokabiliana, kimo kinachofanana, ili upepo uvuke chumba badala ya kupita paa.

Njia ya chini ya kuingia na ya juu ya kutoka pia inaruhusu hewa moto kupanda na kutoka. Hiyo inasaidia. Matundu yaliyo juu kwenye kope pekee hutoa joto la paa lakini yanaweza kukosa watu chini.

Dirisha la chini likifungwa kila usiku, dogo zaidi juu linalobaki wazi ndilo kimo bora.

== Tafuta kuta kwenye nyumba yako ==

# Simama nje wakati wa joto kali zaidi wa mchana. Ukuta upepo unapopiga ndio njia ya kuingia.
# Katika chumba unachojali, njia ya kutoka ni ukuta unaokabiliana na huo.
# Angalia mstari kati ya matundu hayo mawili. Kama kabati au pazia lipo pale, liondoe, au hewa inakoma.
# Kama una tundu moja tu, la pili ni la ukuta unaokabiliana katika chumba hicho — si kando ya la kwanza, wala si pembe.
# Nyumba ikiwa na vyumba vingi, weka matundu yote mawili chumbani kimoja, au acha mlango wa ndani kwenye njia hiyo uwe wazi.
# Alasiri yenye upepo, shikilia mvuke au moshi kwenye tundu la ukuta wa upepo. Unapaswa kutoka tundu la mbali. Ukikoma chumbani, njia imezibwa au tundu la pili lipo ukutani usiofaa.

== Mipangilio inayoshindwa ==

* Tundu moja tu.
* Matundu mawili ukutani mmoja.
* Matundu hayo mawili katika vyumba tofauti vilivyofungwa.
* Kabati, pazia, au mlango wa ndani uliofungwa kwenye mstari kati yake.
* Ukuta wa mbali unatazama uchochoro uliozibwa, bila anga. Ukuta huo hauwezi kutoa hewa.
* Mlango unaotazama tundu la ukubwa wa tofali.
* Matundu yote mawili paa pekee, watu wakiwa wamekaa hewani tulivu chini.

== Linapofaa kutotumika ==

Hewa tulivu, hakuna kitu cha kuvuta. Usiku baridi wa nyanda za juu utafunga matundu, na mpangilio haufanyi kazi. Ghorofa au kiwanja kilichosongamana chenye ukuta mmoja tu kuelekea nje, huwezi kuweka tundu linalokabiliana. Usilazimishe.

== Vyanzo ==

* Ochomo, Maggioni na wenzake, mabadiliko ya nyumba vijijini magharibi mwa Kenya, ''Nature Medicine'' (nyumba nyingi za utafiti zilikuwa na madirisha machache au hakuna; njia ya hewa kupita si jinsi nyumba hizo zilivyojengwa).
* Li na wenzake, nyumba za jadi karibu na Kisumu: hewa mara nyingi huingia kwenye kope na mlango, si kupitia madirisha yanayokabiliana.

[[Category:Miradi ya DIY]]
[[en:Projects:Through-breeze window placement]]

Miradi:Kichujio cha tawi la msonobari

FundiHowAdmin — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 17:12:37 GMT

FundiHowAdmin alihamisha ukurasa wa Miradi:Kichujio cha tawi la msonobari hadi Kichujio cha tawi la msonobari Drop Projects/Miradi title prefixes

Ukurasa mpya

Kichujio hiki kinatumia kipande nyembamba cha tawi la msonobari kusafisha maji kwa mvuto, bila umeme. Kinatumika katika nyanda za juu za Kenya ambako msonobari unapatikana. Sio tiba rasmi ya maji ya kunywa. Chemsha maji au tumia klorini kama unaweza. Hakiondoi sumu za kemikali kama floridi au arseniki.

{{Mradi wa DIY
|Muda=Saa 2 za kazi pamoja na saa 1 ya kuloweka; siku 1–2 zaidi ukikausha vipande
|Ugumu=Wastani
|Gharama=200–800 bila kileo; 500–1,400 ukitumia ethanoli ya chakula
|Eneo=Kaunti za nyanda za juu zenye misonobari ya mashamba, kwa mfano Nyandarua, Nakuru, Kiambu, Kericho, Elgeyo Marakwet
|Vifaa=
* Tawi moja la msonobari lenye rangi ya kijani, lililo sawa, takriban sentimita 4 upana (''Pinus patula'' au msonobari mwingine). Tumia mbao iliyoanguka au iliyokatwa kwa kupogoa, kwa ruhusa ya mwenye shamba.
* Chupa mbili za plastiki za lita 1.5 zilizosafishwa
* Bomba la plastiki takriban mita 1
* Klabu mbili za bomba, au waya na tepe ya mpira inayofunga vizuri
* Kitambaa safi cha pamba kuzuia tope kabla ya mbao
* Maji ya moto ya 60–65 °C kwa saa 1
* Ethanoli ya chakula au isopropyl ya duka la dawa ukitaka kuhifadhi vipande vikavu — '''si''' methylated spirit
* Chombo safi chenye kifuniko kwa maji yaliyochujwa
|Zana=
* Kisu kikali au msumeno mdogo
* Kisu cha kumenya gome
* Sufuria na jiko la kushikilia maji ya moto (si chemsha inayochemka)
* Kalamu ya kuweka alama juu na chini ya tawi
|Usalama=
* Hiki si kichujio rasmi cha maji. Usichukulie maji yaliyotoka kuwa salama kunywa. Kama unaweza, chemsha baada ya kuchuja, au tumia klorini ya nyumbani kama ilivyoandikwa.
* Tumia msonobari, au ua la saipresi kama jaribio ambalo halijathibitishwa. Usitumie miti inayotoa maua kama mkaratusi, mwembe, au grevillea: mifereji yake ni mirefu na kipande kifupi hakitachuja.
* Usitumie yew au miti mingine yenye sumu. Ukiwa hujui jina la mti, usijenge hiki.
* Methylated spirit ina methanol. Usiitie kwenye kichujio cha maji ya kunywa.
* Ukitumia ethanoli, tupa maji ya kwanza yanayotoka. Usiyanywe.
* Vaa glavu unapokata. Usikate mti hai bila ruhusa.
* Kipande kilicholowa huoza kwa siku chache. Kikinuka vibaya, kikawa cheusi, au maji yakakoma, kitupie.
|Hatua=
# Chagua tawi la msonobari lenye rangi ya kijani, lililo sawa, takriban sentimita 4 upana. Weka alama kwenye upande uliokuwa ukielekea ncha ya tawi.
# Kata tawi na ulitie majini mara moja lisikauke.
# Menya gome na tabaka laini chini yake hadi mbao nyeupe ya nje ionekane pande zote. Usitumie kiini cheusi cha ndani.
# Kata kipande kimoja au zaidi chenye unene wa sentimita 1, moja kwa moja kwenye nyuzi — si kwa mwelekeo wa pembeni.
# Loweka vipande katika maji ya 60–65 °C kwa saa 1. Usichemishe; chemsha huharibu utando wa ndani.
# Ukitumia kipande leo: kiweke maji baridi hadi utakapokibandika. Ukihifadhi: kiloweke katika ethanoli ya chakula au isopropyl kwa masaa 24–48, kisha kikaushe kikiwa kimesimama kwenye kivuli au chini ya 45 °C. Usitumie methylated spirit.
# Kata chini ya chupa moja ili iwe tanki la maji machafu. Unganisha shingo na bomba. Weka tanki takriban mita 1 juu ya kichujio.
# Bana kipande ndani ya bomba ili mbao ijaze mlango. Maji yapite '''ndani''' ya mbao, si pembeni yake. Jaribu kwanza kwa maji safi; yakivuja, kaza na ujaribu tena.
# Funika mlango wa tanki kwa kitambaa cha pamba. Mimina maji yaliyotulia kupitia kitambaa, si tope zito moja kwa moja kwenye mbao.
# Tupa maji ya kwanza yanayotoka kwenye kichujio (hasa baada ya ethanoli). Kisha kusanya maji yaliyochujwa katika chombo safi chenye kifuniko.
# Badilisha kipande kila siku 1–4, au mara maji yanapokoma. Kipande kilicholowa hakitumiki tena baada ya kuoza; kipande kikavu kilichotibiwa kinaweza kusubiri hadi miaka miwili kabla ya matumizi ya kwanza.
|Maelezo ya eneo=
Msonobari wa mashamba ni mti wa nyanda za juu. Pwani au nyanda za chini zisizo na msonobari, usibadilishe na mti wa kienyeji unaotoa maua. Ua za saipresi (''Cupressus lusitanica'') hazitoi maua na zipo mijini, lakini majaribio yaliyochapishwa yalitumia msonobari na ginkgo, si saipresi ya Kenya; chukulia badiliko hilo kama jaribio. Maji yenye tope nyingi, kama mabwawa ya mvua, bado yanahitaji kitambaa na yanaweza kuziba kipande haraka. Maeneo yenye floridi nyingi kwenye maji ya visima, kichujio hiki hakisaidii.
|Vyanzo=
* Ramchander, Hegde, Antony, Wang, Leith, Smith na Karnik, "Engineering and characterization of gymnosperm sapwood toward enabling the design of water filtration devices", ''Nature Communications'', 2021 (majaribio ya maabara na kazi shambani nchini India).
* Boutilier, Lee, Chambers, Venkatesh na Karnik, "Water filtration using plant xylem", ''PLOS ONE'', 2014.
* MIT News, "MIT engineers make filters from tree branches to purify drinking water", 25 Machi 2021.
* Maelezo ya wazi ya kutengeneza: http://www.xylemwaterfilter.org/
}}

== Kabla ya kuanza ==

Majaribio ya maabara ya MIT yaliripoti kuondoa zaidi ya asilimia 99 ya ''E. coli'' na rotavirus katika maji yaliyoongezwa vijidudu, na idadi ndogo ya kolifomu katika chemchemi, bomba, na maji ya ardhini nchini India. Hiyo si dhamana kwa jikoni yako. Aina ya mti, unene wa kipande, uvujaji, na uchafu wa maji hubadilisha matokeo.

Hiki '''hakiondoi''' kemikali (floridi, arseniki, dawa za mashamba), wala hakijathibitishwa kama tiba rasmi ya WHO ya maji ya nyumbani. Kuchemsha bado ni njia thabiti zaidi katika nyumba nyingi nchini Kenya.

== Jinsi inavyofanya kazi ==

Msonobari huvuta utomvu kupitia mifereji nyembamba iliyokatwa na utando wenye tundu ndogo sana. Bakteria ni kubwa kuliko tundu hizo. Kipande cha mbao nyeupe hai kinaweza kuzuia vijidudu — ikiwa maji hayawezi kupita pembeni ya mbao. Miti inayotoa maua ina mifereji mirefu; kipande kifupi hakitawazuia.

Mbao kavu isiyotibiwa hufunga utando huo na maji yakoma. Kuloweka maji ya moto pamoja na ethanoli ndiyo njia watafiti walivyohifadhi vipande vikavu. Kipande kikilowa na kutumika, huziba kisha kuoza, ndiyo maana hudumu siku, si miezi.

== Kutumia na kubadilisha ==

* Inua tanki ili mvuto ufanye kazi. Kiwango cha mfano kilikuwa kama lita 1 kwa saa, si bomba la jikoni.
* Weka maji yaliyochujwa katika chombo safi. Kichujio hakisaidii ukiingiza kikombe chafu ndani yake.
* Maji yanapokoma, kipande kimekwisha. Usikikate tena ili "kufungua"; kata kipande kipya.
* Usikaushe kipande kilichotumika ili kikitumie tena.

== Matatizo ya kawaida ==

* '''Maji yanapita kwa kasi.''' Yanapita pembeni ya mbao. Kaza klabu; kata kipande kipya ikiwa hakijazi bomba.
* '''Hakuna maji.''' Kipande kilikauka bila kutibiwa, ni nene mno, au kimeziba. Anza na mbao hai au kipande kilichotibiwa; unene uwe karibu sentimita 1.
* '''Harufu mbaya.''' Kimeanza kuoza. Kitupie, osha chupa na bomba, kata kipande kipya.
* '''Ulitumia mkaratusi.''' Usinywe maji hayo. Anza tena na msonobari.

[[en:Projects:Pine-branch water filter]]

Miradi:Jiko la sola la boksi

FundiHowAdmin — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 17:12:37 GMT

FundiHowAdmin alihamisha ukurasa wa Miradi:Jiko la sola la boksi hadi Jiko la sola la boksi Drop Projects/Miradi title prefixes

Ukurasa mpya

{{Mradi wa DIY
|Muda=Saa 2
|Ugumu=Rahisi
|Gharama=800–1,500
|Eneo=Maeneo yenye jua kali nchini Kenya
|Vifaa=
* Boksi mbili za kadibodi, moja ikiingia ndani ya nyingine
* Karatasi ya alumini
* Karatasi au rangi nyeusi isiyo na sumu
* Kioo au plastiki wazi inayostahimili joto
* Magazeti yaliyokunjwa kwa insulation
|Zana=
* Mkasi au kisu cha boksi
* Rula
* Gundi au utepe
|Usalama=
* Kioo, chombo na chakula huwa moto; tumia glavu.
* Usitumie plastiki isiyojulikana karibu na chakula au joto.
* Usiiache bila mtu karibu na watoto au wanyama.
* Hakikisha chakula kimefikia joto salama kabla ya kula.
|Hatua=
# Weka boksi dogo ndani ya boksi kubwa na ujaze nafasi kati yake kwa magazeti.
# Funika ndani ya boksi dogo kwa karatasi nyeusi ili kufyonza joto.
# Tengeneza kifuniko chenye bamba la alumini linaloweza kuelekezwa kwenye jua.
# Funika sehemu ya juu kwa kioo au plastiki wazi ili kuhifadhi hewa moto.
# Weka chombo cheusi chenye kifuniko ndani, elekeza bamba kwenye jua, kisha pima joto mara kwa mara.
|Maelezo ya eneo=
Hufanya kazi vizuri zaidi karibu na adhuhuri wakati wa kiangazi. Katika maeneo yenye upepo, tia uzito chini na funga bamba vizuri. Usitumie wakati wa mvua.
|Vyanzo=
* Kanuni ya kawaida ya jiko la sola la boksi; vipimo na usalama vinapaswa kuthibitishwa katika mazingira halisi kabla ya matumizi.
}}

[[en:Projects:Box solar cooker]]

Projects:Through-breeze window placement

FundiHowAdmin — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 17:12:37 GMT

FundiHowAdmin alihamisha ukurasa wa Projects:Through-breeze window placement hadi Through-breeze window placement Drop Projects/Miradi title prefixes

Ukurasa mpya

A room cools with a breeze only when air comes in one wall and leaves through the opposite wall of that same room. Two windows on one wall, or a single open door, do not do this.

== Why a single opening is not enough ==

When wind hits a house, it pushes on one side and pulls on the other. An opening on the wind side lets air in. An opening on the far side lets that air out, and takes heat with it.

If there is only one opening, air has to enter and leave through the same hole. The room does not flush. Two openings on the same wall mostly stir a corner.

== The layout ==

Place the two openings like this:

* In the room people sit or sleep in. An opening in the sitting room and another in a closed bedroom does not cool either room.
* On opposite walls — not on neighbouring walls, and not both on one wall.
* So they can see each other. A partition, wardrobe, or curtain in the line stops the air.
* The wall the wind hits is the way in. The wall opposite is the way out. Feel this at the hot time of day; do not guess from a compass.
* A door counts as one opening if it can stay open. Open eaves leak air, but they are not the hole on the far wall.

== How big and how high ==

The smaller of the two openings sets how much air can pass. Keep them a similar size. A door facing a slit is still almost one opening.

The openings do not need to be huge. Two you will leave open beat one large window you lock.

To cool people, put them at the height of sitting and standing, on opposite walls, at a similar height, so the breeze crosses the room instead of running along the roof.

A lower way in and a higher way out also lets hot air rise and leave. That helps. Openings only up at the eaves take heat out of the roof space but can miss the people below.

If a low window will be shut every night, a smaller one higher that stays open is the better height.

== Find the walls on your house ==

# Stand outside at the hottest time of day. The wall the wind hits is the way in.
# In the room you care about, the way out is the wall opposite that one.
# Look along the line between the two openings. If a cupboard or curtain sits there, move it, or the air stops.
# If you have only one opening, the second belongs on the opposite wall of that room — not beside the first, and not around the corner.
# If the house is several rooms, put both openings in one room, or leave the inner door on that path open.
# On a windy afternoon, hold steam or smoke at the wind-wall opening. It should leave through the far opening. If it dies in the room, the path is blocked or the second opening is on the wrong wall.

== Layouts that fail ==

* One opening only.
* Two openings on the same wall.
* The two openings in different closed rooms.
* A wardrobe, curtain, or shut inner door on the line between them.
* The far wall faces a blocked alley with no sky. That wall cannot dump air.
* A door facing a hole the size of a brick.
* Both openings only at the roof, with people sitting in still air below.

== When this does not apply ==

In still air there is nothing to pull through. On a cold highland night you will close the openings, and the layout does nothing. In a flat or packed plot with only one wall to the open, you cannot place an opposite outlet. Do not force it.

== Sources ==

* Ochomo, Maggioni and colleagues, housing modifications in rural western Kenya, ''Nature Medicine'' (most study houses had few or no windows; a through-path is not how those houses were built).
* Li and colleagues, traditional houses around Kisumu: air often enters at eaves and a door, not through opposite windows.

[[Category:DIY projects]]
[[sw:Miradi:Mpangilio wa madirisha ya upepo kupita]]

Projects:Pine-branch water filter

FundiHowAdmin — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 17:12:37 GMT

FundiHowAdmin alihamisha ukurasa wa Projects:Pine-branch water filter hadi Pine-branch water filter Drop Projects/Miradi title prefixes

Ukurasa mpya

This filter uses a thin disc of pine branch to clean water by gravity, with no electricity. It belongs in highland Kenya where pine is actually available. It is not certified drinking-water treatment. Boil or chlorinate drinking water if you can. This does not remove chemical poisons such as fluoride or arsenic.

{{DIY project
|Muda=2 hours of work plus 1 hour of soaking; 1–2 extra days if you dry the discs
|Ugumu=Medium
|Gharama=200–800 without alcohol; 500–1,400 with food-grade ethanol
|Eneo=Highland counties with plantation pine, for example Nyandarua, Nakuru, Kiambu, Kericho, Elgeyo Marakwet
|Vifaa=
* One straight, green pine branch about 4 cm across (''Pinus patula'' or another pine). Use fallen wood or prunings, with the landowner's permission.
* Two cleaned 1.5 L plastic bottles
* About 1 m of plastic hose
* Two hose clamps, or wire and rubber tape that can make a tight seal
* A clean cotton cloth to catch mud before the wood
* Hot water at 60–65 °C for 1 hour
* Food-grade ethanol or pharmacy isopropyl if you want to store dry discs — '''not''' methylated spirit
* A clean, covered vessel for the filtered water
|Zana=
* A sharp knife or small saw
* A knife to peel bark
* A pan and stove to hold hot water (not a rolling boil)
* A marker for the top and bottom of the branch
|Usalama=
* This is not an approved water filter. Do not treat the output as safe to drink. If you can, boil after filtering, or use household chlorine as labelled.
* Use pine, or a cypress hedge only as an unproven stand-in. Do not use flowering trees such as eucalyptus, mango, or grevillea: their vessels are too long and a short disc will not filter.
* Do not use yew or other poisonous trees. If you cannot name the tree, do not build this.
* Methylated spirit contains methanol. Never put it on a drinking-water filter.
* If you used ethanol, discard the first flush. Do not drink it.
* Wear gloves when cutting. Do not fell a live tree without permission.
* A wetted disc rots in a few days. If it smells bad, turns dark, or flow dies, throw it away.
|Hatua=
# Choose a straight green pine branch about 4 cm across. Mark the end that pointed toward the tip of the branch.
# Cut the branch and put it in water at once so it does not dry.
# Peel the bark and the soft layer under it until pale outer wood shows all the way round. Do not use the dark inner heartwood.
# Cut one or more discs about 1 cm thick, square across the grain — not on a slant.
# Soak the discs in water at 60–65 °C for 1 hour. Do not boil; boiling damages the membranes inside.
# If you will use a disc today: keep it in cold water until you mount it. If you will store it: soak it in food-grade ethanol or isopropyl for 24–48 hours, then dry it on edge in shade or at under 45 °C. Do not use methylated spirit.
# Cut the base off one bottle to make a dirty-water tank. Join the neck to the hose. Set the tank about 1 m above the filter.
# Clamp the disc in the hose so the wood fills the opening. Water must go '''through''' the wood, not around it. Test with clean water first; if it leaks, tighten and try again.
# Cover the tank opening with cotton cloth. Pour settled water through the cloth, not heavy mud straight onto the wood.
# Discard the first water through the filter (especially after ethanol). Then collect filtered water in a clean, covered vessel.
# Replace the disc every 1–4 days, or as soon as the flow dies. A wetted disc is not reused after it rots; a treated dry disc can wait up to two years before first use.
|Maelezo ya eneo=
Plantation pine is a highland tree. On the coast or in lowlands without pine, do not swap in a local flowering tree. Cypress hedges (''Cupressus lusitanica'') are non-flowering and common in towns, but the published tests used pine and ginkgo, not Kenyan cypress; treat that swap as an experiment. Very muddy water, such as rain ponds, still needs the cloth and may clog a disc quickly. In areas with high fluoride in borehole water, this filter does not help.
|Vyanzo=
* Ramchander, Hegde, Antony, Wang, Leith, Smith and Karnik, "Engineering and characterization of gymnosperm sapwood toward enabling the design of water filtration devices", ''Nature Communications'', 2021 (lab tests and field work in India).
* Boutilier, Lee, Chambers, Venkatesh and Karnik, "Water filtration using plant xylem", ''PLOS ONE'', 2014.
* MIT News, "MIT engineers make filters from tree branches to purify drinking water", 25 March 2021.
* Open fabrication notes: http://www.xylemwaterfilter.org/
}}

== Before you start ==

MIT lab tests reported more than 99% removal of ''E. coli'' and rotavirus in spiked test water, and lower coliform counts in spring, tap, and groundwater in India. That is not a guarantee for your kitchen. Tree species, disc thickness, leaks, and how dirty the water is all change the result.

This '''does not remove''' chemicals (fluoride, arsenic, farm pesticides), and it has not been certified as a WHO household treatment for everyday use. Boiling is still the more reliable method in most Kenyan homes.

== How it works ==

Pine pulls sap through narrow conduits crossed by membranes with very small pores. Bacteria are larger than those pores. A disc of green sapwood can therefore hold microbes back — if the water cannot sneak around the wood. Flowering trees have long vessels; a short disc will not stop them.

Untreated dry wood seals those membranes and flow dies. A hot-water soak plus ethanol is how the researchers stored discs dry. Once a disc is wetted and used, it clogs and then rots, which is why it lasts days, not months.

== Using and replacing ==

* Raise the tank so gravity does the work. The prototype rate was about 1 litre per hour, not a kitchen tap.
* Keep filtered water in a clean vessel. The filter does not help if you dip a dirty cup into it.
* When flow dies, the disc is finished. Do not recut it to "open" it; cut a new disc.
* Do not dry a used disc to use it again.

== Common problems ==

* '''Water races through.''' It is bypassing the wood. Tighten the clamps; recut the disc if it does not fill the hose.
* '''No flow.''' The disc dried without treatment, is too thick, or has clogged. Start from green wood or a treated disc; keep thickness near 1 cm.
* '''Bad smell.''' It has begun to rot. Throw it away, wash the bottles and hose, cut a new disc.
* '''You used eucalyptus.''' Do not drink that water. Start again with pine.

[[sw:Miradi:Kichujio cha tawi la msonobari]]

Projects:Box solar cooker

FundiHowAdmin — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 17:12:37 GMT

FundiHowAdmin alihamisha ukurasa wa Projects:Box solar cooker hadi Box solar cooker Drop Projects/Miradi title prefixes

Ukurasa mpya

{{DIY project
|Muda=2 hours
|Ugumu=Easy
|Gharama=800–1,500
|Eneo=Sunny areas of Kenya
|Vifaa=
* Two cardboard boxes, one fitting inside the other
* Aluminium foil
* Non-toxic black paper or paint
* Glass or heat-resistant clear plastic
* Crumpled newspaper for insulation
|Zana=
* Scissors or a box cutter
* Ruler
* Glue or tape
|Usalama=
* Glass, cookware, and food become hot; wear gloves.
* Do not use unknown plastics near food or heat.
* Keep the cooker attended and away from children and animals.
* Confirm food has reached a safe internal temperature before eating.
|Hatua=
# Put the smaller box inside the larger one and insulate the gap with newspaper.
# Line the smaller box with black material to absorb heat.
# Make a lid with a foil-covered reflector that can point toward the sun.
# Cover the opening with glass or clear heat-resistant plastic to trap warm air.
# Put a covered dark pot inside, aim the reflector, and check the temperature regularly.
|Maelezo ya eneo=
The cooker works best near midday during dry, sunny weather. In windy places, weight the base and secure the reflector. Do not use it in rain.
|Vyanzo=
* Standard box solar-cooker principles; verify dimensions and safety in the real environment before use.
}}

[[sw:Miradi:Jiko la sola la boksi]]

Miradi:Mpangilio wa madirisha ya upepo kupita

FundiHowAdmin — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 16:47:31 GMT

FundiHow initial content

← Pitio lililotangulia		Pitio la 19:47, 18 Septemba 2026
Mstari 14:		Mstari 14:
	* Kwenye kuta zinazokabiliana — si kuta jirani, wala si yote ukutani mmoja.		* Kwenye kuta zinazokabiliana — si kuta jirani, wala si yote ukutani mmoja.
	* Yanaweze kuonana. Kizuizi, kabati, au pazia kwenye mstari huzuia hewa.		* Yanaweze kuonana. Kizuizi, kabati, au pazia kwenye mstari huzuia hewa.
	* Ukuta upepo unapopiga ndio njia ya kuingia. Ukuta unaokabiliana ndio njia ya kutoka. ~~Hisia~~ hii wakati wa joto la mchana; usikadirie kwa dira.		* Ukuta upepo unapopiga ndio njia ya kuingia. Ukuta unaokabiliana ndio njia ya kutoka. Hisi hii wakati wa joto la mchana; usikadirie kwa dira.
	* Mlango unahesabiwa tundu moja ikiwa unaweza kubaki wazi. Kope wazi huvuja hewa, lakini si tundu la ukuta wa mbali.		* Mlango unahesabiwa tundu moja ikiwa unaweza kubaki wazi. Kope wazi huvuja hewa, lakini si tundu la ukuta wa mbali.

Mstari 36:		Mstari 36:
	# Kama una tundu moja tu, la pili ni la ukuta unaokabiliana katika chumba hicho — si kando ya la kwanza, wala si pembe.		# Kama una tundu moja tu, la pili ni la ukuta unaokabiliana katika chumba hicho — si kando ya la kwanza, wala si pembe.
	# Nyumba ikiwa na vyumba vingi, weka matundu yote mawili chumbani kimoja, au acha mlango wa ndani kwenye njia hiyo uwe wazi.		# Nyumba ikiwa na vyumba vingi, weka matundu yote mawili chumbani kimoja, au acha mlango wa ndani kwenye njia hiyo uwe wazi.
	# Alasiri yenye upepo, shikilia mvuke au moshi kwenye tundu la ukuta wa upepo. Unapaswa kutoka tundu la mbali. ~~Ukikufa~~ chumbani, njia imezibwa au tundu la pili lipo ukutani usiofaa.		# Alasiri yenye upepo, shikilia mvuke au moshi kwenye tundu la ukuta wa upepo. Unapaswa kutoka tundu la mbali. Ukikoma chumbani, njia imezibwa au tundu la pili lipo ukutani usiofaa.

	== Mipangilio inayoshindwa ==		== Mipangilio inayoshindwa ==

Miradi:Kichujio cha tawi la msonobari

FundiHowAdmin — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 16:47:30 GMT

FundiHow initial content

← Pitio lililotangulia		Pitio la 19:47, 18 Septemba 2026
Mstari 7:		Mstari 7:
	\|Eneo=Kaunti za nyanda za juu zenye misonobari ya mashamba, kwa mfano Nyandarua, Nakuru, Kiambu, Kericho, Elgeyo Marakwet		\|Eneo=Kaunti za nyanda za juu zenye misonobari ya mashamba, kwa mfano Nyandarua, Nakuru, Kiambu, Kericho, Elgeyo Marakwet
	\|Vifaa=		\|Vifaa=
	* Tawi moja la msonobari lenye rangi ya kijani, ~~lilio~~ sawa, takriban sentimita 4 upana (''Pinus patula'' au msonobari mwingine). Tumia mbao iliyoanguka au iliyokatwa kwa kupogoa, kwa ruhusa ya mwenye shamba.		* Tawi moja la msonobari lenye rangi ya kijani, lililo sawa, takriban sentimita 4 upana (''Pinus patula'' au msonobari mwingine). Tumia mbao iliyoanguka au iliyokatwa kwa kupogoa, kwa ruhusa ya mwenye shamba.
	* Chupa mbili za plastiki za lita 1.5 zilizosafishwa		* Chupa mbili za plastiki za lita 1.5 zilizosafishwa
	* Bomba la plastiki takriban mita 1		* Bomba la plastiki takriban mita 1
Mstari 29:		Mstari 29:
	* Kipande kilicholowa huoza kwa siku chache. Kikinuka vibaya, kikawa cheusi, au maji yakakoma, kitupie.		* Kipande kilicholowa huoza kwa siku chache. Kikinuka vibaya, kikawa cheusi, au maji yakakoma, kitupie.
	\|Hatua=		\|Hatua=
	# Chagua tawi la msonobari lenye rangi ya kijani, ~~lilio~~ sawa, takriban sentimita 4 upana. Weka alama kwenye upande uliokuwa ukielekea ncha ya tawi.		# Chagua tawi la msonobari lenye rangi ya kijani, lililo sawa, takriban sentimita 4 upana. Weka alama kwenye upande uliokuwa ukielekea ncha ya tawi.
	# Kata tawi na ulitie majini mara moja lisikauke.		# Kata tawi na ulitie majini mara moja lisikauke.
	# Menya gome na tabaka laini chini yake hadi mbao nyeupe ya nje ionekane pande zote. Usitumie kiini cheusi cha ndani.		# Menya gome na tabaka laini chini yake hadi mbao nyeupe ya nje ionekane pande zote. Usitumie kiini cheusi cha ndani.

FundiHow:Smoke-test

FundiHowAdmin — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 16:46:17 GMT

Automated-smoke-test

← Pitio lililotangulia		Pitio la 19:46, 18 Septemba 2026
Mstari 1:		Mstari 1:
	smoke-~~1789749390~~		smoke-1789749977

Projects:Through-breeze window placement

FundiHowAdmin — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 16:46:09 GMT

FundiHow initial content

Ukurasa mpya

Miradi:Mpangilio wa madirisha ya upepo kupita

FundiHowAdmin — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 16:46:08 GMT

FundiHow initial content

Ukurasa mpya

Chumba hupoa kwa upepo tu hewa inapoingia ukutani mmoja na kutoka ukutani unaokabiliana, katika chumba hicho hicho. Madirisha mawili ukutani mmoja, au mlango mmoja wazi, hayafanyi hivyo.

== Kwa nini tundu moja haitoshi ==

Upepo unapopiga nyumba, husukuma upande mmoja na kuvuta upande mwingine. Tundu upande wa upepo linaingiza hewa. Tundu upande wa pili linatoa hewa hiyo, na kuchukua joto.

Kama kuna tundu moja tu, hewa inalazimika kuingia na kutoka tundu lile lile. Chumba hakioshwi. Matundu mawili ukutani mmoja huchochea kona tu.

== Mpangilio ==

Weka matundu mawili hivi:

* Katika chumba watu wanakaa au kulala. Tundu sebuleni na jingine chumbani kilichofungwa hapopoeshi chumba chochote.
* Kwenye kuta zinazokabiliana — si kuta jirani, wala si yote ukutani mmoja.
* Yanaweze kuonana. Kizuizi, kabati, au pazia kwenye mstari huzuia hewa.
* Ukuta upepo unapopiga ndio njia ya kuingia. Ukuta unaokabiliana ndio njia ya kutoka. Hisia hii wakati wa joto la mchana; usikadirie kwa dira.
* Mlango unahesabiwa tundu moja ikiwa unaweza kubaki wazi. Kope wazi huvuja hewa, lakini si tundu la ukuta wa mbali.

== Ukubwa na kimo ==

Tundu dogo kati ya hayo mawili ndilo linalopima kiasi cha hewa. Viweke vikaribiane ukubwa. Mlango unaotazama mwanya bado ni kama tundu moja.

Matundu hayahitaji kuwa makubwa. Mawili utakayoacha wazi yanashinda dirisha kubwa unalofunga.

Ili kupoza watu, viweke kimo cha kukaa na kusimama, kuta zinazokabiliana, kimo kinachofanana, ili upepo uvuke chumba badala ya kupita paa.

Njia ya chini ya kuingia na ya juu ya kutoka pia inaruhusu hewa moto kupanda na kutoka. Hiyo inasaidia. Matundu yaliyo juu kwenye kope pekee hutoa joto la paa lakini yanaweza kukosa watu chini.

Dirisha la chini likifungwa kila usiku, dogo zaidi juu linalobaki wazi ndilo kimo bora.

== Tafuta kuta kwenye nyumba yako ==

# Simama nje wakati wa joto kali zaidi wa mchana. Ukuta upepo unapopiga ndio njia ya kuingia.
# Katika chumba unachojali, njia ya kutoka ni ukuta unaokabiliana na huo.
# Angalia mstari kati ya matundu hayo mawili. Kama kabati au pazia lipo pale, liondoe, au hewa inakoma.
# Kama una tundu moja tu, la pili ni la ukuta unaokabiliana katika chumba hicho — si kando ya la kwanza, wala si pembe.
# Nyumba ikiwa na vyumba vingi, weka matundu yote mawili chumbani kimoja, au acha mlango wa ndani kwenye njia hiyo uwe wazi.
# Alasiri yenye upepo, shikilia mvuke au moshi kwenye tundu la ukuta wa upepo. Unapaswa kutoka tundu la mbali. Ukikufa chumbani, njia imezibwa au tundu la pili lipo ukutani usiofaa.

== Mipangilio inayoshindwa ==

* Tundu moja tu.
* Matundu mawili ukutani mmoja.
* Matundu hayo mawili katika vyumba tofauti vilivyofungwa.
* Kabati, pazia, au mlango wa ndani uliofungwa kwenye mstari kati yake.
* Ukuta wa mbali unatazama uchochoro uliozibwa, bila anga. Ukuta huo hauwezi kutoa hewa.
* Mlango unaotazama tundu la ukubwa wa tofali.
* Matundu yote mawili paa pekee, watu wakiwa wamekaa hewani tulivu chini.

== Linapofaa kutotumika ==

Hewa tulivu, hakuna kitu cha kuvuta. Usiku baridi wa nyanda za juu utafunga matundu, na mpangilio haufanyi kazi. Ghorofa au kiwanja kilichosongamana chenye ukuta mmoja tu kuelekea nje, huwezi kuweka tundu linalokabiliana. Usilazimishe.

== Vyanzo ==

* Ochomo, Maggioni na wenzake, mabadiliko ya nyumba vijijini magharibi mwa Kenya, ''Nature Medicine'' (nyumba nyingi za utafiti zilikuwa na madirisha machache au hakuna; njia ya hewa kupita si jinsi nyumba hizo zilivyojengwa).
* Li na wenzake, nyumba za jadi karibu na Kisumu: hewa mara nyingi huingia kwenye kope na mlango, si kupitia madirisha yanayokabiliana.

[[Category:Miradi ya DIY]]
[[en:Projects:Through-breeze window placement]]

Projects:Pine-branch water filter

FundiHowAdmin — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 16:46:08 GMT

FundiHow initial content

Ukurasa mpya

Miradi:Kichujio cha tawi la msonobari

FundiHowAdmin — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 16:46:08 GMT

FundiHow initial content

Ukurasa mpya

Kichujio hiki kinatumia kipande nyembamba cha tawi la msonobari kusafisha maji kwa mvuto, bila umeme. Kinatumika katika nyanda za juu za Kenya ambako msonobari unapatikana. Sio tiba rasmi ya maji ya kunywa. Chemsha maji au tumia klorini kama unaweza. Hakiondoi sumu za kemikali kama floridi au arseniki.

{{Mradi wa DIY
|Muda=Saa 2 za kazi pamoja na saa 1 ya kuloweka; siku 1–2 zaidi ukikausha vipande
|Ugumu=Wastani
|Gharama=200–800 bila kileo; 500–1,400 ukitumia ethanoli ya chakula
|Eneo=Kaunti za nyanda za juu zenye misonobari ya mashamba, kwa mfano Nyandarua, Nakuru, Kiambu, Kericho, Elgeyo Marakwet
|Vifaa=
* Tawi moja la msonobari lenye rangi ya kijani, lilio sawa, takriban sentimita 4 upana (''Pinus patula'' au msonobari mwingine). Tumia mbao iliyoanguka au iliyokatwa kwa kupogoa, kwa ruhusa ya mwenye shamba.
* Chupa mbili za plastiki za lita 1.5 zilizosafishwa
* Bomba la plastiki takriban mita 1
* Klabu mbili za bomba, au waya na tepe ya mpira inayofunga vizuri
* Kitambaa safi cha pamba kuzuia tope kabla ya mbao
* Maji ya moto ya 60–65 °C kwa saa 1
* Ethanoli ya chakula au isopropyl ya duka la dawa ukitaka kuhifadhi vipande vikavu — '''si''' methylated spirit
* Chombo safi chenye kifuniko kwa maji yaliyochujwa
|Zana=
* Kisu kikali au msumeno mdogo
* Kisu cha kumenya gome
* Sufuria na jiko la kushikilia maji ya moto (si chemsha inayochemka)
* Kalamu ya kuweka alama juu na chini ya tawi
|Usalama=
* Hiki si kichujio rasmi cha maji. Usichukulie maji yaliyotoka kuwa salama kunywa. Kama unaweza, chemsha baada ya kuchuja, au tumia klorini ya nyumbani kama ilivyoandikwa.
* Tumia msonobari, au ua la saipresi kama jaribio ambalo halijathibitishwa. Usitumie miti inayotoa maua kama mkaratusi, mwembe, au grevillea: mifereji yake ni mirefu na kipande kifupi hakitachuja.
* Usitumie yew au miti mingine yenye sumu. Ukiwa hujui jina la mti, usijenge hiki.
* Methylated spirit ina methanol. Usiitie kwenye kichujio cha maji ya kunywa.
* Ukitumia ethanoli, tupa maji ya kwanza yanayotoka. Usiyanywe.
* Vaa glavu unapokata. Usikate mti hai bila ruhusa.
* Kipande kilicholowa huoza kwa siku chache. Kikinuka vibaya, kikawa cheusi, au maji yakakoma, kitupie.
|Hatua=
# Chagua tawi la msonobari lenye rangi ya kijani, lilio sawa, takriban sentimita 4 upana. Weka alama kwenye upande uliokuwa ukielekea ncha ya tawi.
# Kata tawi na ulitie majini mara moja lisikauke.
# Menya gome na tabaka laini chini yake hadi mbao nyeupe ya nje ionekane pande zote. Usitumie kiini cheusi cha ndani.
# Kata kipande kimoja au zaidi chenye unene wa sentimita 1, moja kwa moja kwenye nyuzi — si kwa mwelekeo wa pembeni.
# Loweka vipande katika maji ya 60–65 °C kwa saa 1. Usichemishe; chemsha huharibu utando wa ndani.
# Ukitumia kipande leo: kiweke maji baridi hadi utakapokibandika. Ukihifadhi: kiloweke katika ethanoli ya chakula au isopropyl kwa masaa 24–48, kisha kikaushe kikiwa kimesimama kwenye kivuli au chini ya 45 °C. Usitumie methylated spirit.
# Kata chini ya chupa moja ili iwe tanki la maji machafu. Unganisha shingo na bomba. Weka tanki takriban mita 1 juu ya kichujio.
# Bana kipande ndani ya bomba ili mbao ijaze mlango. Maji yapite '''ndani''' ya mbao, si pembeni yake. Jaribu kwanza kwa maji safi; yakivuja, kaza na ujaribu tena.
# Funika mlango wa tanki kwa kitambaa cha pamba. Mimina maji yaliyotulia kupitia kitambaa, si tope zito moja kwa moja kwenye mbao.
# Tupa maji ya kwanza yanayotoka kwenye kichujio (hasa baada ya ethanoli). Kisha kusanya maji yaliyochujwa katika chombo safi chenye kifuniko.
# Badilisha kipande kila siku 1–4, au mara maji yanapokoma. Kipande kilicholowa hakitumiki tena baada ya kuoza; kipande kikavu kilichotibiwa kinaweza kusubiri hadi miaka miwili kabla ya matumizi ya kwanza.
|Maelezo ya eneo=
Msonobari wa mashamba ni mti wa nyanda za juu. Pwani au nyanda za chini zisizo na msonobari, usibadilishe na mti wa kienyeji unaotoa maua. Ua za saipresi (''Cupressus lusitanica'') hazitoi maua na zipo mijini, lakini majaribio yaliyochapishwa yalitumia msonobari na ginkgo, si saipresi ya Kenya; chukulia badiliko hilo kama jaribio. Maji yenye tope nyingi, kama mabwawa ya mvua, bado yanahitaji kitambaa na yanaweza kuziba kipande haraka. Maeneo yenye floridi nyingi kwenye maji ya visima, kichujio hiki hakisaidii.
|Vyanzo=
* Ramchander, Hegde, Antony, Wang, Leith, Smith na Karnik, "Engineering and characterization of gymnosperm sapwood toward enabling the design of water filtration devices", ''Nature Communications'', 2021 (majaribio ya maabara na kazi shambani nchini India).
* Boutilier, Lee, Chambers, Venkatesh na Karnik, "Water filtration using plant xylem", ''PLOS ONE'', 2014.
* MIT News, "MIT engineers make filters from tree branches to purify drinking water", 25 Machi 2021.
* Maelezo ya wazi ya kutengeneza: http://www.xylemwaterfilter.org/
}}

== Kabla ya kuanza ==

Majaribio ya maabara ya MIT yaliripoti kuondoa zaidi ya asilimia 99 ya ''E. coli'' na rotavirus katika maji yaliyoongezwa vijidudu, na idadi ndogo ya kolifomu katika chemchemi, bomba, na maji ya ardhini nchini India. Hiyo si dhamana kwa jikoni yako. Aina ya mti, unene wa kipande, uvujaji, na uchafu wa maji hubadilisha matokeo.

Hiki '''hakiondoi''' kemikali (floridi, arseniki, dawa za mashamba), wala hakijathibitishwa kama tiba rasmi ya WHO ya maji ya nyumbani. Kuchemsha bado ni njia thabiti zaidi katika nyumba nyingi nchini Kenya.

== Jinsi inavyofanya kazi ==

Msonobari huvuta utomvu kupitia mifereji nyembamba iliyokatwa na utando wenye tundu ndogo sana. Bakteria ni kubwa kuliko tundu hizo. Kipande cha mbao nyeupe hai kinaweza kuzuia vijidudu — ikiwa maji hayawezi kupita pembeni ya mbao. Miti inayotoa maua ina mifereji mirefu; kipande kifupi hakitawazuia.

Mbao kavu isiyotibiwa hufunga utando huo na maji yakoma. Kuloweka maji ya moto pamoja na ethanoli ndiyo njia watafiti walivyohifadhi vipande vikavu. Kipande kikilowa na kutumika, huziba kisha kuoza, ndiyo maana hudumu siku, si miezi.

== Kutumia na kubadilisha ==

* Inua tanki ili mvuto ufanye kazi. Kiwango cha mfano kilikuwa kama lita 1 kwa saa, si bomba la jikoni.
* Weka maji yaliyochujwa katika chombo safi. Kichujio hakisaidii ukiingiza kikombe chafu ndani yake.
* Maji yanapokoma, kipande kimekwisha. Usikikate tena ili "kufungua"; kata kipande kipya.
* Usikaushe kipande kilichotumika ili kikitumie tena.

== Matatizo ya kawaida ==

* '''Maji yanapita kwa kasi.''' Yanapita pembeni ya mbao. Kaza klabu; kata kipande kipya ikiwa hakijazi bomba.
* '''Hakuna maji.''' Kipande kilikauka bila kutibiwa, ni nene mno, au kimeziba. Anza na mbao hai au kipande kilichotibiwa; unene uwe karibu sentimita 1.
* '''Harufu mbaya.''' Kimeanza kuoza. Kitupie, osha chupa na bomba, kata kipande kipya.
* '''Ulitumia mkaratusi.''' Usinywe maji hayo. Anza tena na msonobari.

[[en:Projects:Pine-branch water filter]]

Home

FundiHowAdmin — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 16:46:04 GMT

FundiHow initial content

← Pitio lililotangulia		Pitio la 19:46, 18 Septemba 2026
Mstari 18:		Mstari 18:
	</div>		</div>

	== ~~Example project~~ ==		== Projects ==
			* [[Projects:Pine-branch water filter\|Pine-branch water filter]]
			* [[Projects:Through-breeze window placement\|Through-breeze window placement]]
	* [[Projects:Box solar cooker\|Box solar cooker]]		* [[Projects:Box solar cooker\|Box solar cooker]]

Mwanzo

FundiHowAdmin — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 16:46:03 GMT

FundiHow initial content

← Pitio lililotangulia		Pitio la 19:46, 18 Septemba 2026
Mstari 19:		Mstari 19:
	</div>		</div>

	== ~~Mradi wa mfano~~ ==		== Miradi ==
			* [[Miradi:Kichujio cha tawi la msonobari\|Kichujio cha tawi la msonobari]]
			* [[Miradi:Mpangilio wa madirisha ya upepo kupita\|Mpangilio wa madirisha ya upepo kupita]]
	* [[Miradi:Jiko la sola la boksi\|Jiko la sola la boksi]]		* [[Miradi:Jiko la sola la boksi\|Jiko la sola la boksi]]

Faili:FundiHow-smoke.svg

FundiHowAdmin — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 16:36:30 GMT

FundiHowAdmin uploaded Faili:FundiHow-smoke.svg

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FundiHow:Smoke-test

FundiHowAdmin — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 16:36:30 GMT

Automated-smoke-test

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smoke-1789749390

Projects:Box solar cooker

FundiHowAdmin — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 16:30:30 GMT

FundiHow initial content

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Miradi:Jiko la sola la boksi

FundiHowAdmin — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 16:30:30 GMT

FundiHow initial content

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FundiHow:Licence

FundiHowAdmin — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 16:30:30 GMT

FundiHow initial content

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== Licence ==

Unless otherwise stated, FundiHow content is available under the [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International] licence.

You may share and adapt the content provided that:

* You give appropriate credit to the source and contributors.
* You indicate whether you made changes.
* You distribute adapted work under the same licence.

Only contribute text and media that you created, that are in the public domain, or that have a compatible licence. A file's source and licence must be recorded on its description page.

[[Category:FundiHow]]
[[sw:FundiHow:Leseni]]

FundiHow:Leseni

FundiHowAdmin — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 16:30:29 GMT

FundiHow initial content

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== Leseni ==

Isipokuwa pale ilipoelezwa vingine, maudhui ya FundiHow yanapatikana chini ya [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International].

Unaweza kushiriki na kubadilisha maudhui ikiwa:

* Unataja chanzo na wachangiaji kwa njia inayofaa.
* Unaonyesha ikiwa umefanya mabadiliko.
* Unasambaza kazi iliyobadilishwa chini ya leseni hiyo hiyo.

Changia tu maandishi na media ulizotengeneza, zilizo katika milki ya umma, au zenye leseni inayolingana. Chanzo na leseni ya kila faili lazima ziandikwe kwenye ukurasa wake wa maelezo.

[[Category:FundiHow]]
[[en:FundiHow:Licence]]

FundiHow:Feedback

FundiHowAdmin — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 16:30:29 GMT

FundiHow initial content

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== Send feedback ==

Your feedback helps us improve FundiHow. Tell us about unclear instructions, an error you found, or an idea for a new project.

Email [mailto:feedback@fundihow.com?subject=FundiHow%20feedback feedback@fundihow.com].

Do not send passwords, payment details, or other sensitive information by email.

[[sw:FundiHow:Maoni]]

FundiHow:Maoni

FundiHowAdmin — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 16:30:29 GMT

FundiHow initial content

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== Tuma maoni ==

Maoni yako yanatusaidia kuboresha FundiHow. Tuambie kuhusu maelekezo yasiyoeleweka, kosa uliloliona, au wazo la mradi mpya.

Tuma barua pepe kwa [mailto:feedback@fundihow.com?subject=Maoni%20ya%20FundiHow feedback@fundihow.com].

Usitume nenosiri, taarifa za malipo, au taarifa nyingine nyeti kwa barua pepe.

[[en:FundiHow:Feedback]]

FundiHow:How to contribute

FundiHowAdmin — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 16:30:28 GMT

FundiHow initial content

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== How to contribute ==

# [[Special:CreateAccount|Create an account]] and log in.
# Search for an existing project before creating a similar one.
# Use the [[Form:Mradi wa DIY|project form]] to keep instructions easy to follow.
# Include measurements, cost in KSh, location, safety warnings, and sources.
# Upload only photographs you created or media whose licence permits reuse.
# Explain differences in materials, weather, and availability in your county.

All content is published under [[FundiHow:Licence|CC BY-SA 4.0]]. Do not copy copyrighted material without permission.

== Translation ==

Kiswahili is the source language. Administrators connect each page to its English counterpart through the language menu.

[[Category:FundiHow]]
[[sw:FundiHow:Jinsi ya kuchangia]]

FundiHow:Jinsi ya kuchangia

FundiHowAdmin — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 16:30:28 GMT

FundiHow initial content

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== Jinsi ya kuchangia ==

# [[Special:CreateAccount|Fungua akaunti]] na uingie.
# Tafuta mradi kabla ya kuunda mwingine unaofanana.
# Tumia [[Form:Mradi wa DIY|fomu ya mradi]] ili maelekezo yawe rahisi kufuata.
# Andika vipimo, gharama kwa KSh, eneo, tahadhari na chanzo cha taarifa.
# Pakia picha ulizopiga mwenyewe au ambazo zina leseni inayoruhusu matumizi.
# Eleza tofauti za vifaa, hali ya hewa na upatikanaji katika kaunti yako.

Maudhui yote yanachapishwa chini ya [[FundiHow:Leseni|CC BY-SA 4.0]]. Usinakili maudhui yenye hakimiliki bila ruhusa.

== Tafsiri ==

Kiswahili ndiyo lugha ya msingi. Wasimamizi wanaweza kuunganisha kila ukurasa na tafsiri yake ya Kiingereza kupitia menyu ya lugha.

[[Category:FundiHow]]
[[en:FundiHow:How to contribute]]

Form:DIY project

FundiHowAdmin — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 16:30:28 GMT

FundiHow initial content

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<noinclude>
Use this form to create a DIY project.

[[sw:Form:Mradi wa DIY]]
</noinclude><includeonly>
{{{for template|DIY project}}}
{| class="formtable"
! Time:
| {{{field|Muda|input type=text|placeholder=e.g. 2 hours}}}
|-
! Difficulty:
| {{{field|Ugumu|input type=dropdown|values=Easy,Medium,Hard}}}
|-
! Cost in KES:
| {{{field|Gharama|input type=text}}}
|-
! Location:
| {{{field|Eneo|input type=text|default=Kenya}}}
|-
! Materials:
| {{{field|Vifaa|input type=textarea|rows=6|editor=visualeditor}}}
|-
! Tools:
| {{{field|Zana|input type=textarea|rows=4|editor=visualeditor}}}
|-
! Safety:
| {{{field|Usalama|input type=textarea|rows=5|editor=visualeditor}}}
|-
! Steps:
| {{{field|Hatua|input type=textarea|rows=14|editor=visualeditor}}}
|-
! Local adaptations:
| {{{field|Maelezo ya eneo|input type=textarea|rows=5|editor=visualeditor}}}
|-
! Sources:
| {{{field|Vyanzo|input type=textarea|rows=4}}}
|}
{{{end template}}}

'''Images and additional notes:'''
{{{standard input|free text|rows=8|editor=visualeditor}}}

{{{standard input|summary}}}
{{{standard input|preview}}} {{{standard input|save}}} {{{standard input|cancel}}}
</includeonly>

Form:Mradi wa DIY

FundiHowAdmin — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 16:30:27 GMT

FundiHow initial content

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<noinclude>
Tumia fomu hii kuunda mradi wa DIY.

[[en:Form:DIY project]]
</noinclude><includeonly>
{{{for template|Mradi wa DIY}}}
{| class="formtable"
! Muda:
| {{{field|Muda|input type=text|placeholder=mfano: saa 2}}}
|-
! Ugumu:
| {{{field|Ugumu|input type=dropdown|values=Rahisi,Wastani,Ngumu}}}
|-
! Gharama kwa KSh:
| {{{field|Gharama|input type=text}}}
|-
! Eneo:
| {{{field|Eneo|input type=text|default=Kenya}}}
|-
! Vifaa:
| {{{field|Vifaa|input type=textarea|rows=6|editor=visualeditor}}}
|-
! Zana:
| {{{field|Zana|input type=textarea|rows=4|editor=visualeditor}}}
|-
! Tahadhari:
| {{{field|Usalama|input type=textarea|rows=5|editor=visualeditor}}}
|-
! Hatua:
| {{{field|Hatua|input type=textarea|rows=14|editor=visualeditor}}}
|-
! Marekebisho ya eneo:
| {{{field|Maelezo ya eneo|input type=textarea|rows=5|editor=visualeditor}}}
|-
! Vyanzo:
| {{{field|Vyanzo|input type=textarea|rows=4}}}
|}
{{{end template}}}

'''Picha na maelezo ya ziada:'''
{{{standard input|free text|rows=8|editor=visualeditor}}}

{{{standard input|summary}}}
{{{standard input|preview}}} {{{standard input|save}}} {{{standard input|cancel}}}
</includeonly>

Kigezo:DIY project

FundiHowAdmin — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 16:30:27 GMT

FundiHow initial content

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<includeonly>
<table class="fundihow-meta">
<tr><th>Time</th><td>{{{Muda|Not specified}}}</td></tr>
<tr><th>Difficulty</th><td>{{{Ugumu|Not specified}}}</td></tr>
<tr><th>Cost</th><td>KSh {{{Gharama|Not specified}}}</td></tr>
<tr><th>Location</th><td>{{{Eneo|Kenya}}}</td></tr>
</table>

== Materials ==
{{{Vifaa|}}}

== Tools ==
{{{Zana|}}}

== Safety ==
{{{Usalama|Describe the important precautions for this project.}}}

== Steps ==
{{{Hatua|}}}

== Local adaptations ==
{{{Maelezo ya eneo|}}}

== Sources ==
{{{Vyanzo|}}}

[[Category:DIY projects]]
[[Category:Difficulty {{{Ugumu|not specified}}}]]
</includeonly><noinclude>
This template is used by [[Form:DIY project]] to create consistently structured instructions.

[[sw:Template:Mradi wa DIY]]
</noinclude>

Kigezo:Mradi wa DIY

FundiHowAdmin — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 16:30:27 GMT

FundiHow initial content

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<includeonly>
<table class="fundihow-meta">
<tr><th>Muda</th><td>{{{Muda|Haijatajwa}}}</td></tr>
<tr><th>Ugumu</th><td>{{{Ugumu|Haijatajwa}}}</td></tr>
<tr><th>Gharama</th><td>KSh {{{Gharama|Haijatajwa}}}</td></tr>
<tr><th>Eneo</th><td>{{{Eneo|Kenya}}}</td></tr>
</table>

== Vifaa ==
{{{Vifaa|}}}

== Zana ==
{{{Zana|}}}

== Tahadhari ==
{{{Usalama|Eleza tahadhari muhimu za mradi huu.}}}

== Hatua ==
{{{Hatua|}}}

== Marekebisho ya eneo ==
{{{Maelezo ya eneo|}}}

== Vyanzo ==
{{{Vyanzo|}}}

[[Category:Miradi ya DIY]]
[[Category:Ugumu {{{Ugumu|haujatajwa}}}]]
</includeonly><noinclude>
Kiolezo hiki kinatumiwa na [[Form:Mradi wa DIY]] kuunda maelekezo yenye muundo mmoja.

[[en:Template:DIY project]]
</noinclude>

Home

FundiHowAdmin — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 16:30:26 GMT

FundiHow initial content

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<div class="fundihow-hero">
<h1>Welcome to FundiHow</h1>

Practical knowledge made in Kenya, for Kenyans. Learn, build, repair, and share home projects in Kiswahili or English.

{{#formlink:form=DIY project|link text=Create a new guide|link type=button}}
</div>

<div class="fundihow-grid">
<div class="fundihow-card">
== Find a project ==
Browse [[:Category:DIY projects|all DIY projects]] or use search.
</div>
<div class="fundihow-card">
== Share knowledge ==
Anyone can read. [[Special:CreateAccount|Create an account]] to write and improve instructions.
</div>
</div>

== Example project ==
* [[Projects:Box solar cooker|Box solar cooker]]

== For contributors ==
* [[FundiHow:How to contribute|How to contribute]]
* [[Special:Translate|Translate content]]
* [[FundiHow:Feedback|Send feedback]]
* [[FundiHow:Licence|Content licence]]

[[Category:FundiHow]]
[[sw:Mwanzo]]

Mwanzo

FundiHowAdmin — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 16:30:26 GMT

FundiHow initial content

← Pitio lililotangulia		Pitio la 19:30, 18 Septemba 2026
Mstari 1:		Mstari 1:
	<~~strong~~>~~MediaWiki has been installed.~~</~~strong~~>		<div class="fundihow-hero">
			<h1>Karibu FundiHow</h1>

	~~Consult the [https://www~~.~~mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Contents User's Guide] for information on using the wiki software~~.		Maarifa ya vitendo yaliyotengenezwa Kenya, kwa Wakenya. Jifunze, tengeneza na ushiriki miradi ya nyumbani kwa Kiswahili au Kiingereza.

	== ~~Getting started~~ ==		{{#formlink:form=Mradi wa DIY\|link text=Anzisha mradi mpya\|link type=button}}
	* [~~https~~:/~~/www~~.~~mediawiki~~.~~org~~/~~wiki~~/~~Special~~:~~MyLanguage/Manual~~:~~Configuration_settings Configuration settings list~~]
	* [~~https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/~~Special:~~MyLanguage/Manual:FAQ MediaWiki FAQ~~]		</div>
	* [~~https~~:~~//lists.wikimedia.org/postorius/lists/mediawiki-announce.lists.wikimedia.org/ MediaWiki release mailing list~~]
	* [~~https~~:~~//www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special~~:~~MyLanguage/Localisation#Translation_resources Localise MediaWiki for your language~~]		<div class="fundihow-grid">
	* [~~https~~:~~//www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Combating_spam Learn how to combat spam on your wiki~~]		<div class="fundihow-card">
			== Tafuta mradi ==
			Vinjari [[:Category:Miradi ya DIY\|miradi yote ya DIY]] au tumia kisanduku cha utafutaji.
			</div>
			<div class="fundihow-card">
			== Changia maarifa ==
			Mtu yeyote anaweza kusoma. [[Special:CreateAccount\|Fungua akaunti]] ili kuandika na kuboresha maelekezo.
			</div>
			</div>

			== Mradi wa mfano ==
			* [[Miradi:Jiko la sola la boksi\|Jiko la sola la boksi]]

			== Kwa wachangiaji ==
			* [[FundiHow:Jinsi ya kuchangia\|Jinsi ya kuchangia]]
			* [[Special:Translate\|Tafsiri maudhui]]
			* [[FundiHow:Maoni\|Tuma maoni]]
			* [[FundiHow:Leseni\|Leseni ya maudhui]]

			[[Category:FundiHow]]
			[[en:Home]]

Jamii:DIY projects

FundiHowAdmin — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 16:30:26 GMT

FundiHow initial content

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== DIY projects ==

This category collects practical do-it-yourself guides designed for Kenyan conditions.

[[sw:Category:Miradi ya DIY]]

Jamii:Miradi ya DIY

FundiHowAdmin — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 16:30:25 GMT

FundiHow initial content

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== Miradi ya DIY ==

Jamii hii inakusanya maelekezo ya miradi ya kujitengenezea yaliyoundwa kwa mazingira ya Kenya.

[[en:Category:DIY projects]]

MediaWiki:Common.css

FundiHowAdmin — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 16:30:25 GMT

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:root {
--fundihow-green: #176b3a;
--fundihow-gold: #f2b705;
}

.mw-header,
.vector-header-container {
border-bottom: 4px solid var(--fundihow-gold);
}

.fundihow-hero {
padding: clamp(1.5rem, 5vw, 3.5rem);
border-radius: 1rem;
background: linear-gradient(135deg, #e9f5ed, #fff8d6);
}

.fundihow-hero h1 {
color: var(--fundihow-green);
font-size: clamp(2rem, 5vw, 3.5rem);
}

.fundihow-grid {
display: grid;
grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(14rem, 1fr));
gap: 1rem;
margin-block: 1.5rem;
}

.fundihow-card {
padding: 1rem;
border: 1px solid #a2a9b1;
border-radius: .75rem;
background: #fff;
}

.fundihow-meta {
width: 100%;
margin-block: 1rem;
border-collapse: collapse;
}

.fundihow-meta th,
.fundihow-meta td {
padding: .6rem;
border: 1px solid #c8ccd1;
text-align: start;
}

MediaWiki:Mainpage

FundiHowAdmin — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 16:30:25 GMT

FundiHow initial content

Ukurasa mpya

Mwanzo

MediaWiki default — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 16:30:23 GMT

Ukurasa mpya

<strong>MediaWiki has been installed.</strong>

Consult the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Contents User's Guide] for information on using the wiki software.

== Getting started ==
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Configuration_settings Configuration settings list]
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Manual:FAQ MediaWiki FAQ]
* [https://lists.wikimedia.org/postorius/lists/mediawiki-announce.lists.wikimedia.org/ MediaWiki release mailing list]
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Localisation#Translation_resources Localise MediaWiki for your language]
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Combating_spam Learn how to combat spam on your wiki]